<pre class='metadata'>
Title: CSS Logical Properties and Values Module Level 1
Shortname: css-logical
Level: 1
Status: WD
Prepare for TR: yes
Date: 2025-12-04
Work Status: Refining
Group: csswg
ED: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-logical-1/
TR: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-logical-1/
Previous version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/WD-css-logical-1-20180827/
Editor: Rossen Atanassov, Microsoft, ratan@microsoft.com, w3cid 49885
Editor: Elika J. Etemad / fantasai, Apple, http://fantasai.inkedblade.net/contact, w3cid 35400
Abstract: This module introduces logical properties and values that provide the author with the ability to control layout through logical, rather than physical, direction and dimension mappings. The module defines logical properties and values for the features defined in [[CSS2]]. These properties are writing-mode relative equivalents of their corresponding physical properties.
Ignored Terms: div, dl, dfn
Ignored Vars: block, inline
Link Defaults: css2 (property) width/height/min-width/min-height/max-width/max-height
WPT Path Prefix: css/css-logical/
WPT Display: closed
</pre>

<pre class="link-defaults">
spec:css-backgrounds-3; type:property;
    text:border-bottom
    text:border-bottom-color
    text:border-bottom-left-radius
    text:border-bottom-right-radius
    text:border-bottom-style
    text:border-bottom-width
    text:border-color
    text:border-left
    text:border-left-color
    text:border-left-style
    text:border-left-width
    text:border-right
    text:border-right-color
    text:border-right-style
    text:border-right-width
    text:border-style
    text:border-top
    text:border-top-color
    text:border-top-left-radius
    text:border-top-right-radius
    text:border-top-style
    text:border-top-width
    text:border-width
spec:css-writing-modes-3; type:dfn;
    text:end
    text:start
</pre>

<style>
  @media (min-width: 40em) {
    #mapping-diagram figure {
      width: 49%;
      float: left;
    }
    #mapping-diagram figure:first-of-type {
      margin-right: 2%;
    }
  }
</style>


<h2 id="intro">
Introduction</h2>

  Note: See [[!css-writing-modes-4]] for a proper introduction to writing modes;
  this module assumes familiarity with its terminology.

  Because different writing systems are written in different directions,
  a variety of <a>writing modes</a> exist:
  left to right, top to bottom;
  right to left, top to bottom;
  bottom to top, right to left;
  etc.
  logical concepts like the “start” of a page or line
  map differently to physical concepts like the “top” of a line or “left edge” of a paragraph.
  Some aspects of a layout are actually relative to the writing directions,
  and thus will vary when the page is translated to a different system;
  others are inherently relative to the page's physical orientation.

  <div class="example">
    For example,
    lists, headings, and paragraphs are typically left-aligned in English;
    but actually they are start-aligned, because in Arabic the same constructs are right-aligned,
    and a multilingual document will need to accommodate both writing systems accordingly.

    The following code exemplifies how using logical syntax can help you write code
        that works across different writing systems:

    <figure>
        <img src="./images/example01.png" width="300" height="109">
        <figcaption>Rendering of the below code in a compatible browser</figcaption>
    </figure>

    <xmp highlight="html">
        <blockquote dir="auto">Quotation in English</blockquote>
        <blockquote dir="auto">اقتباس في العربية</blockquote>
    </xmp>

    <xmp highlight="css">

        blockquote {
            text-align: start; /* left in latin, right in arabic */
            margin-inline-start: 0px; /* margin-left in latin, margin-right in arabic */
            border-inline-start: 5px solid gray; /* border-left in latin, border-right in arabic */
            padding-inline-start: 5px; /* padding-left in latin, padding-right in arabic */
        }

    </xmp>

    Documents might need both logical and physical properties. For instance
      the drop shadows on buttons on a page must remain consistent throughout,
      so their offset will be chosen based on visual considerations and physical directions,
      and not vary by writing system.

  </div>

  Since CSS was originally designed with only physical coordinates in its controls,
  this module introduces text-flow&ndash;relative equivalents
  so that declarations in a CSS style sheet can be expressed
  in <a>flow-relative</a> terms.
  It defines the mapping and cascading of equivalent properties,
  some new properties and values equivalent to those in CSS2.1,
  and the principles used to derive their syntaxes.
  Future CSS specifications are expected to incorporate both sets of coordinates
  in their property and value definitions,
  so this module will not track the introduction of <a>flow-relative</a> variants
  of newer CSS features.

  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css-writing-modes/">CSS Writing Modes</a>’ <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-writing-modes-3/#abstract-box">Abstract Box Terminology</a> section
  defines how to map between flow-relative and physical terms.
  This mapping,
  which depends on the <a>used values</a> of
  'writing-mode', 'direction', and 'text-orientation',
  controls the interpretation of [=flow-relative=] keywords and properties.

  <div id="mapping-diagram">
    <figure>
      <img src="diagrams/sizing-ltr-tb.svg" width="392" height="239" alt="">
      <figcaption>
        Correspondence of physical and flow-relative terms in typical English text layout
      </figcaption>
    </figure>
    <figure>
      <img src="diagrams/sizing-ttb-rl.svg" width="392" height="239" alt="">
      <figcaption>
        Correspondence of physical and flow-relative terms in vertical Chinese text layout
      </figcaption>
    </figure>
  </div>

  Note: Due to its interaction with ''text-orientation: upright'',
  the <a lt="used value">used</a> 'direction'
  depends on the <a>computed values</a> of 'writing-mode' and 'text-orientation'.

  <wpt title="General tests for logical properties">
    getComputedStyle-listing.html
    inheritance.html
    logicalprops-quirklength.html
  </wpt>

<div class="issue">
  <strong>Things That Are Unstable</strong>
  Since implementation of parts of this module is effectively required
  for shipping an implementation of <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-writing-modes-3/">CSS Writing Modes</a> on the Web
  (in order to correctly implement the default HTML styles),
  the CSSWG resolved that
  the requisite features in
  <a href="#directional-keywords"></a> and <a href="#box"></a>
  are approved for shipping.
  (See <a href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/2017Dec/0043.html">FPWD announcement</a> for additional background.)

  However, there are a few significant open issues:
  <ul>
    <li>The ''border/logical'' keyword on shorthands,
        because the name of the keyword may change or it may be replaced by some other syntactic marker.
        (This feature will be deferred from this level for further development
        if there is no clearly satisfactory mechanism proposed,
        see <a href="https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/issues/1282">Issue 1282</a>.)
    <li>Whether flow-relative longhands inherit from their namesake on the parent,
        or are mapped to a physical property and inherit from that property.
        (See <a href="https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/issues/3029">Issue 3029</a>.)
    <li>Whether shorthands like 'margin' expand to both sets of longhands,
        or only the ones that were set.
        (See <a href="https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/issues/3030">Issue 3030</a>.)
  </ul>
  Comments, suggestions, and use cases are welcome on these issues.
  Please file them in GitHub, tweet them to @csswg, or send them to www-style@w3.org.
</div>

<h3 id="values">
Value Definitions</h3>

  This specification follows the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/about.html#property-defs">CSS property definition conventions</a> from [[!CSS2]]
  using the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values-3/#value-defs">value definition syntax</a> from [[!CSS-VALUES-3]].
  Value types not defined in this specification are defined in CSS Values &amp; Units [[!CSS-VALUES-3]].
  Combination with other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types.

  In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions,
  all properties defined in this specification
  also accept the <a>CSS-wide keywords</a> as their property value.
  For readability they have not been repeated explicitly.

<h2 id="directional-keywords">
Flow-Relative Values: <css>block-start</css>, <css>block-end</css>, <css>inline-start</css>, <css>inline-end</css></h2>

  Many CSS properties have historically accepted <dfn>directional keyword</dfn> values
  that are [=physical=]
  (<css>top</css>, <css>bottom</css>, <css>left</css>, <css>right</css>).
  This specification introduces [=directional keyword=] values that are [=flow-relative=]:
  <css>block-start</css>, <css>block-end</css>, <css>inline-start</css>, <css>inline-end</css>.

  A property's effect can be either 1-dimensional or 2-dimensional.
  When contextually constrained to one dimension,
  the flow-relative keywords are abbreviated
  (to <css>start</css> and <css>end</css>).

  CSS Level 2 properties are here redefined to also accept
  <a>flow-relative</a> directional keywords.
  Such values can be used in place of the corresponding physical values.
  For properties that take multiple keywords,
  combinations of flow-relative and physical values are not allowed
  (unless otherwise specified in a future specification).

  Note: Newer CSS specifications are expected in most cases to define
  [=flow-relative=] or [=line-relative=] values
  instead of or in addition to any [=physical=] ones.
  In general, the mapping of such relative values are expected to use
  the [=writing mode=] of the [=containing block=] when affecting the box itself,
  and that of the box itself when affecting its contents.
  Regardless, which [=writing modes=] is used for the mapping
  needs to be explicitly defined.

<h3 id="caption-side">
Logical Values for the 'caption-side' Property</h3>

  <pre class="propdef partial">
    Name: caption-side
    New values: inline-start | inline-end
    Computed value: specified keyword
  </pre>

  <wpt>
    animations/caption-side-no-interpolation.html
  </wpt>

  These two values are added only for implementations that support
  ''caption-side/left'' and ''caption-side/right'' values for 'caption-side'.
  The ''caption-side/left'' and ''caption-side/right'' values themselves
  are defined to be <a>line-relative</a>.

  The existing ''caption/top'' and ''caption/bottom'' values are idiosyncratically redefined
  as assigning to the <a>block-start</a> and <a>block-end</a> sides of the table, respectively.

  The mapping on this property uses the <a>writing mode</a> of the caption’s <a>containing block</a>
  (that is, the <a>table wrapper box</a>).

<h3 id="float-clear">
Flow-Relative Values for the 'float' and 'clear' Properties</h3>

  <pre class="propdef partial">
    Name: float, clear
    New values: inline-start | inline-end
    Computed value: specified keyword
  </pre>

  <wpt>
    animations/float-interpolation.html
  logical-values-float-clear-1.html
  logical-values-float-clear-2.html
  logical-values-float-clear-3.html
  logical-values-float-clear-4.html
  logical-values-float-clear-reftest.html
  logical-values-float-clear.html
  </wpt>

  The mapping on these properties uses the <a>writing mode</a> of the element’s <a>containing block</a>.

  Note: These properties are 1-dimensional in CSS2,
  but are planned to be expanded to two dimensions,
  and therefore are given unabbreviated <a>flow-relative</a> keywords.

<h3 id="text-align">
Flow-Relative Values for the 'text-align' Property</h3>

  <pre class="propdef partial">
    Name: text-align
    New values: start | end
    Computed value: specified keyword
  </pre>

  These values are normatively defined in [[!css-text-3]].

<h2 id="page">
Flow-Relative Page Classifications</h2>

  In CSS, all pages are classified by user agents as either left pages or right pages. [[!CSS2]]
  Which page is first in a spread, however,
  depends on whether the page progression is left-to-right or right-to-left.

  To allow control of page breaking to the page
  that is on the earlier or later side of a spread,
  rather than to the left or right side of a spread,
  this module introduces the following additional keywords
  for the 'page-break-after' and 'page-break-before' properties [[!CSS2]]:

  <dl dfn-type="value" dfn-for="logical-page">
    <dt><dfn>recto</dfn>
      <dd>
        Equivalent to 'right' in left-to-right page progressions
        and 'left' in right-to-left page progressions.

    <dt><dfn>verso</dfn>
      <dd>
        Equivalent to 'left' in left-to-right page progressions
        and 'right' in right-to-left page progressions.
  </dl>

  These values are computed as specified
  and are further defined in [[!css-break-3]].

  Although authors typically place page numbers using physical placements,
  the contents of headers often follows conventions depending
  on which page in the spread is earlier.
  Therefore the following flow-relative <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/page.html#page-selectors">page selectors</a>
  are also added to support flow-relative page selection:

  <dl dfn-type="value" dfn-for="logical-page-selector">
    <dt><dfn>:recto</dfn>
      <dd>
        Equivalent to ':right' in left-to-right page progressions
        and ':left' in right-to-left page progressions.

    <dt><dfn>:verso</dfn>
      <dd>
        Equivalent to ':left' in left-to-right page progressions
        and ':right' in right-to-left page progressions.
  </dl>

  The flow-relative page selectors have specificity equal to
  the ':left' and ':right' page selectors.

<h2 id="box">
Flow-Relative Box Model Properties</h2>

  For many formatting effects,
  the axis or direction affected is encoded in the property name
  rather than in its value.
  The type of directional or axis mapping
  (<a>flow-relative</a> or <a>physical</a>)
  of each such property
  is called its <dfn export>mapping logic</dfn>.
  Historically, all properties have been encoded in [=physical=] terms;
  this specification introduces new CSS properties
  that are <a>flow-relative</a> equivalents
  of CSS2’s <a>physical</a> box model properties.

  Note: Newer CSS specifications are expected in most cases to define
  [=flow-relative=] or [=line-relative=] properties
  instead of or in addition to any [=physical=] ones.

  Each set of parallel
  [=flow-relative=] properties and [=physical=] properties
  (ignoring [=shorthand=] properties)
  related by setting equivalent styles on the various sides or dimensions of a box,
  forms a <dfn export>logical property group</dfn>.
  For example, the 'padding-*' properties
  form a single <a>logical property group</a>,
  the 'margin-*' properties
  form a separate <a>logical property group</a>,
  the 'border-*-style' properties
  form another <a>logical property group</a>,
  etc.
  (Each [=longhand property=] can belong to at most one <a>logical property group</a>.)

  Within each [=logical property group=],
  corresponding [=flow-relative=] and [=physical=] properties
  are paired using the element’s own
  [=computed value|computed=] [=writing mode=].
  Although the [=specified value=] of each property remains distinct,
  paired properties share a [=computed value=].
  This shared value is determined by [=cascading=]
  the declarations of both properties together as one;
  in other words, the [=computed value=] of both properties in the pair
  is derived from the [=specified value=] of the property declared with
  higher priority in the CSS [=cascade=]. [[!CSS-CASCADE-3]]

  <p class="note">
    Note that this requires implementations to maintain
    relative order of declarations within a CSS declaration block,
    which was not previously required for CSS cascading.
    It also requires that 'writing-mode', 'direction', and 'text-orientation'
    be computed as a prerequisite for cascading together
    the [=flow-relative=] and [=physical=] declarations
    of a [=logical property group=]
    to find their [=computed values=].
  </p>

  <div class="example">
    For example, given the following rule:

    <pre class="lang-css">
      p {
        margin-inline-start: 1px;
        margin-left: 2px;
        margin-inline-end: 3px;
      }
    </pre>

    In a paragraph with computed 'writing-mode' being ''horizontal-tb''
    and computed 'direction' being ''ltr'',
    the computed value of 'margin-left' is ''2px'',
    since for that 'writing-mode' and 'direction',
    'margin-inline-start' and 'margin-left' share a computed value,
    and the declaration of 'margin-left'
    is after the declaration of 'margin-inline-start'.
    However, if the computed 'direction' were instead ''rtl'',
    the computed value of 'margin-left' is ''3px'',
    since 'margin-inline-end' and 'margin-left' share a computed value,
    and the declaration of 'margin-inline-end'
    is after the declaration of 'margin-left'.
  </div>

  [[!CSSOM]] APIs that return computed values
  (such as <code>getComputedStyle()</code>)
  must return the same value for each individual property
  in such a pair.

  Note: Depending on the element’s own <a>writing mode</a>
  for mapping every <a>flow-relative</a> property
  to its <a>physical</a> equivalent
  simplifies the cascading calculations
  and gives a straightforward model for authors to reason about.
  However, it is problematic in many cases,
  see for example <a href="https://www.w3.org/mid/20161108202634.GA7235@mail.internode.on.net">this discussion</a>.
  Authors may need to use nested elements
  to get the correct mapping behavior
  when changing an element’s <a>writing mode</a> from its parent.

  Inheritance of each property is from its corresponding property on the parent.
  For example, although the [=inline-start=] margin of an''direction/rtl'' box is its right margin,
  'margin-inline-start' on this box will inherit
  the 'margin-inline-start' of an ''direction/ltr'' parent
  even though that happens to be the parent’s <em>left</em> margin.

  Unless otherwise specified,
  [=shorthand properties=] that encompass both logical and physical longhands
  (such as the 'all' shorthand)
  set their physical longhands last.
  For example, ''all: inherit'' will set all of the 'margin' properties to ''inherit'',
  but since the physical longhands are set last,
  the child's margins will inherit from their physical counterparts in the parent.

  <wpt>
    animation-001.html
    animation-002.html
    animation-004.html
  logicalprops-with-deferred-writing-mode.html
  logicalprops-with-variables.html
  </wpt>

<h3 id="dimension-properties">
Logical Height and Logical Width:
the 'block-size'/'inline-size',
'min-block-size'/'min-inline-size',
and 'max-block-size'/'max-inline-size' properties</h3>

  <pre class="propdef">
  Name: block-size, inline-size
  Value: <<'width'>>
  Initial: auto
  Applies to: Same as 'height' and 'width'
  Inherited: no
  Logical property group: size
  Percentages: As for the corresponding physical property
  Computed value: Same as 'height', 'width'
  Animation type: by computed value type
  </pre>

  <wpt>
    cascading-001.html
  logical-box-size.html
  logicalprops-block-size-vlr.html
  logicalprops-block-size.html
  logicalprops-inline-size-vlr.html
  logicalprops-inline-size.html
  parsing/block-size-computed.html
  parsing/block-size-invalid.html
  parsing/block-size-valid.html
  parsing/inline-size-computed.html
  parsing/inline-size-invalid.html
  parsing/inline-size-valid.html
  </wpt>

  These properties correspond to the
  'height' and 'width' properties.
  The mapping depends on the element's 'writing-mode'.

  <pre class="propdef">
  Name: min-block-size, min-inline-size
  Value: <<'min-width'>>
  Initial: 0
  Applies to: same as 'height' and 'width'
  Inherited: no
  Logical property group: min-size
  Percentages: As for the corresponding physical property
  Computed value: Same as 'min-height', 'min-width'
  Animation type: by computed value type
  </pre>

  <wpt>
  parsing/min-block-size-computed.html
  parsing/min-block-size-invalid.html
  parsing/min-block-size-valid.html
  parsing/min-inline-size-computed.html
  parsing/min-inline-size-invalid.html
  parsing/min-inline-size-valid.html
  </wpt>

  These properties correspond to the
  'min-height' and 'min-width' properties.
  The mapping depends on the element's 'writing-mode'.

  <pre class="propdef">
  Name: max-block-size, max-inline-size
  Value: <<'max-width'>>
  Initial: none
  Applies to: same as 'height' and 'width'
  Inherited: no
  Logical property group: max-size
  Percentages: As for the corresponding physical property
  Computed value: Same as 'max-height', 'max-width'
  Animation type: by computed value type
  </pre>

  <wpt>
  parsing/max-block-size-computed.html
  parsing/max-block-size-invalid.html
  parsing/max-block-size-valid.html
  parsing/max-inline-size-computed.html
  parsing/max-inline-size-invalid.html
  parsing/max-inline-size-valid.html
  </wpt>

  These properties correspond to the
  'max-height' and 'max-width' properties.
  The mapping depends on the element's 'writing-mode'.

<h3 id="margin-properties">
Flow-Relative Margins:
the 'margin-block-start', 'margin-block-end', 'margin-inline-start', 'margin-inline-end' properties and 'margin-block' and 'margin-inline' shorthands</h3>

  <pre class="propdef">
  Name: margin-block-start, margin-block-end, margin-inline-start, margin-inline-end
  Value: <<'margin-top'>>
  Initial: 0
  Applies to: Same as 'margin-top'
  Inherited: no
  Logical property group: margin
  Percentages: As for the corresponding physical property
  Computed value: Same as corresponding 'margin-*' properties
  Animation type: by computed value type
  </pre>

  <wpt>
    logical-box-margin.html
  parsing/margin-block-inline-computed.html
  parsing/margin-block-inline-invalid.html
  parsing/margin-block-inline-shorthand.html
  parsing/margin-block-inline-valid.html
  </wpt>

  These properties correspond to the 'margin-top', 'margin-bottom', 'margin-left', and 'margin-right' properties.
  The mapping depends on the element's 'writing-mode', 'direction', and 'text-orientation'.

  <pre class="propdef shorthand">
  Name: margin-block, margin-inline
  Value: <<'margin-top'>>{1,2}
  </pre>

  <wpt>
    animations/margin-block-interpolation.html
    animations/margin-inline-interpolation.html
  </wpt>

  These two <a>shorthand properties</a> set the
  'margin-block-start' &amp; 'margin-block-end'
  and
  'margin-inline-start' &amp; 'margin-inline-end',
  respectively.
  The first value represents the <a>start</a> edge style,
  and the second value represents the <a>end</a> edge style.
  If only one value is given, it applies to both the <a>start</a> and <a>end</a> edges.

<h3 id="position-properties">
Flow-Relative Offsets:
the 'inset-block-start', 'inset-block-end', 'inset-inline-start', 'inset-inline-end' properties and 'inset-block', 'inset-inline', and 'inset' shorthands</h3>

  The 'top', 'left', 'bottom', 'right' physical properties,
  their 'inset-block-start', 'inset-block-end', 'inset-inline-start', 'inset-inline-end' flow-relative correspondents,
  and the 'inset-block', 'inset-inline', and 'inset' shorthands,
  are collectively known as the <dfn export>inset properties</dfn>.

  <pre class="propdef">
  Name: inset-block-start, inset-block-end, inset-inline-start, inset-inline-end
  Value: <<'top'>>
  Initial: auto
  Applies to: positioned elements
  Inherited: no
  Logical property group: inset
  Percentages: As for the corresponding physical property
  Computed value: Same as corresponding 'top'/'right'/'bottom'/'left' properties
  Animation type: by computed value type
  </pre>

  <wpt>
    logical-box-inset.html
  parsing/inset-block-inline-computed.html
  parsing/inset-block-inline-invalid.html
  parsing/inset-block-inline-shorthand.html
  parsing/inset-block-inline-valid.html
  </wpt>

  These properties correspond to the
  'top', 'bottom', 'left', and 'right' properties.
  The mapping depends on the element's 'writing-mode', 'direction', and 'text-orientation'.

  <pre class="propdef shorthand">
  Name: inset-block, inset-inline
  Value: <<'top'>>{1,2}
  </pre>

  These two <a>shorthand properties</a> set the
  'inset-block-start' &amp; 'inset-block-end'
  and
  'inset-inline-start' &amp; 'inset-inline-end',
  respectively.
  The first value represents the <a>start</a> edge style,
  and the second value represents the <a>end</a> edge style.
  If only one value is given, it applies to both the <a>start</a> and <a>end</a> edges.

  <pre class="propdef shorthand">
  Name: inset
  Value: <<'top'>>{1,4}
  </pre>

  <wpt>
  parsing/inset-computed.html
  parsing/inset-invalid.html
  parsing/inset-shorthand.html
  parsing/inset-valid.html
  </wpt>

  This <a>shorthand property</a> sets the
  'top', 'right', 'bottom', and 'left' properties.
  Values are assigned to its <a>sub-properties</a> as for 'margin'.

<h3 id="padding-properties">
Flow-Relative Padding:
the 'padding-block-start', 'padding-block-end', 'padding-inline-start', 'padding-inline-end' properties and 'padding-block' and 'padding-inline' shorthands</h3>

  <pre class="propdef">
  Name: padding-block-start, padding-block-end, padding-inline-start, padding-inline-end
  Value: <<'padding-top'>>
  Initial: 0
  Applies to: Same as 'padding-top'
  Inherited: no
  Logical property group: padding
  Percentages: As for the corresponding physical property
  Computed value: Same as corresponding 'padding-*' properties
  Animation type: by computed value type
  </pre>

  <wpt>
  logical-box-padding.html
  parsing/padding-block-inline-computed.html
  parsing/padding-block-inline-invalid.html
  parsing/padding-block-inline-shorthand.html
  parsing/padding-block-inline-valid.html
  </wpt>

  These properties correspond to the
  'padding-top', 'padding-bottom', 'padding-left', and 'padding-right' properties.
  The mapping depends on the element's 'writing-mode', 'direction', and 'text-orientation'.

  <pre class="propdef shorthand">
  Name: padding-block, padding-inline
  Value: <<'padding-top'>>{1,2}
  </pre>

  <wpt>
    animations/padding-block-interpolation.html
  animations/padding-inline-interpolation.html
  </wpt>

  These two <a>shorthand properties</a> set the
  'padding-block-start' &amp; 'padding-block-end'
  and
  'padding-inline-start' &amp; 'padding-inline-end',
  respectively.
  The first value represents the <a>start</a> edge style,
  and the second value represents the <a>end</a> edge style.
  If only one value is given, it applies to both the <a>start</a> and <a>end</a> edges.

<h3 id="border-properties">
Flow-Relative Borders</h3>

<h4 id="border-width">
Flow-Relative Border Widths:
the 'border-block-start-width', 'border-block-end-width', 'border-inline-start-width', 'border-inline-end-width' properties and 'border-block-width' and 'border-inline-width' shorthands</h4>

  <pre class="propdef">
  Name: border-block-start-width, border-block-end-width, border-inline-start-width, border-inline-end-width
  Value: <<'border-top-width'>>
  Initial: medium
  Applies to: Same as 'border-top-width'
  Inherited: no
  Logical property group: border-width
  Percentages: n/a
  Computed value: Same as corresponding 'border-*-width' properties
  Animation type: by computed value type
  </pre>

  <wpt>
    logical-box-border-width.html
  </wpt>

  These properties correspond to the
  'border-top-width', 'border-bottom-width', 'border-left-width', and 'border-right-width' properties.
  The mapping depends on the element's 'writing-mode', 'direction', and 'text-orientation'.

  <pre class="propdef shorthand">
  Name: border-block-width, border-inline-width
  Value: <<'border-top-width'>>{1,2}
  </pre>

  <wpt>
  parsing/border-block-width-computed.html
  parsing/border-block-width-invalid.html
  parsing/border-block-width-valid.html
  parsing/border-inline-width-computed.html
  parsing/border-inline-width-invalid.html
  parsing/border-inline-width-valid.html
  </wpt>

  These two <a>shorthand properties</a> set the
  'border-block-start-width' &amp; 'border-block-end-width'
  and
  'border-inline-start-width' &amp; 'border-inline-end-width',
  respectively.
  The first value represents the <a>start</a> edge width,
  and the second value represents the <a>end</a> edge width.
  If only one value is given, it applies to both the <a>start</a> and <a>end</a> edges.


<h4 id="border-style">
Flow-Relative Border Styles:
the 'border-block-start-style', 'border-block-end-style', 'border-inline-start-style', 'border-inline-end-style' properties and 'border-block-style' and 'border-inline-style' shorthands</h4>

  <pre class="propdef">
  Name: border-block-start-style, border-block-end-style, border-inline-start-style, border-inline-end-style
  Value: <<'border-top-style'>>
  Initial: none
  Applies to: Same as 'border-top-style'
  Inherited: no
  Logical property group: border-style
  Percentages: n/a
  Computed value: Same as corresponding 'border-*-style' properties
  Animation type: discrete
  </pre>

  <wpt>
    logical-box-border-style.html
  parsing/border-block-style-computed.html
  parsing/border-block-style-invalid.html
  parsing/border-block-style-valid.html
  parsing/border-inline-style-computed.html
  parsing/border-inline-style-invalid.html
  parsing/border-inline-style-valid.html
  </wpt>

  These properties correspond to the
  'border-top-style', 'border-bottom-style', 'border-left-style', and 'border-right-style' properties.
  The mapping depends on the element's 'writing-mode', 'direction', and 'text-orientation'.

  <pre class="propdef shorthand">
  Name: border-block-style, border-inline-style
  Value: <<'border-top-style'>>{1,2}
  </pre>

  These two <a>shorthand properties</a> set the
  'border-block-start-style' &amp; 'border-block-end-style'
  and
  'border-inline-start-style' &amp; 'border-inline-end-style',
  respectively.
  The first value represents the <a>start</a> edge style,
  and the second value represents the <a>end</a> edge style.
  If only one value is given, it applies to both the <a>start</a> and <a>end</a> edges.

<h4 id="border-color">
Flow-Relative Border Colors:
the 'border-block-start-color', 'border-block-end-color', 'border-inline-start-color', 'border-inline-end-color' properties and 'border-block-color' and 'border-inline-color' shorthands</h4>

  <pre class="propdef">
  Name: border-block-start-color, border-block-end-color, border-inline-start-color, border-inline-end-color
  Value: <<'border-top-color'>>
  Initial: currentcolor
  Applies to: Same as 'border-top-color'
  Inherited: no
  Logical property group: border-color
  Percentages: n/a
  Computed value: Same as corresponding 'border-*-color' properties
  Animation type: by computed value type
  </pre>

  <wpt>
    logical-box-border-color.html
  parsing/border-block-color-computed.html
  parsing/border-block-color-invalid.html
  parsing/border-block-color-valid.html
  parsing/border-inline-color-computed.html
  parsing/border-inline-color-invalid.html
  parsing/border-inline-color-valid.html
  </wpt>

  These properties correspond to the
  'border-top-color', 'border-bottom-color', 'border-left-color', and 'border-right-color' properties.
  The mapping depends on the element's 'writing-mode', 'direction', and 'text-orientation'.

  <pre class="propdef shorthand">
  Name: border-block-color, border-inline-color
  Value: <<'border-top-color'>>{1,2}
  </pre>

  These two <a>shorthand properties</a> set the
  'border-block-start-color' &amp; 'border-block-end-color'
  and
  'border-inline-start-color' &amp; 'border-inline-end-color',
  respectively.
  The first value represents the <a>start</a> edge color,
  and the second value represents the <a>end</a> edge color.
  If only one value is given, it applies to both the <a>start</a> and <a>end</a> edges.

<h4 id="border-shorthands">
Flow-Relative Border Shorthands:
the 'border-block-start', 'border-block-end', 'border-inline-start', 'border-inline-end' properties and 'border-block' and 'border-inline' shorthands</h4>

  <pre class="propdef shorthand">
  Name: border-block-start, border-block-end, border-inline-start, border-inline-end
  Value: <<'border-top-width'>> || <<'border-top-style'>> || <<color>>
  </pre>

  <wpt>
    logical-box-border-shorthands.html
  parsing/border-block-valid.html
  </wpt>

  These properties correspond to the
  'border-top', 'border-bottom', 'border-left', and 'border-right' properties.
  The mapping depends on the element's 'writing-mode', 'direction', and 'text-orientation'.

  <pre class="propdef shorthand">
  Name: border-block, border-inline
  Value: <<'border-block-start'>>
  </pre>

  <wpt>
    parsing/border-inline-valid.html
  </wpt>

  These two <a>shorthand properties</a> set the
  'border-block-start' &amp; 'border-block-end'
  or
  'border-inline-start' &amp; 'border-inline-end',
  respectively,
  both to the same style.

  <!-- intentionally cannot set two sides independently;
       see discussion in https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/issues/3519 -->

<h3 id="border-radius-properties">
Flow-Relative Corner Rounding:
the 'border-start-start-radius', 'border-start-end-radius', 'border-end-start-radius', 'border-end-end-radius' properties</h3>

  <pre class="propdef">
  Name: border-start-start-radius, border-start-end-radius, border-end-start-radius, border-end-end-radius
  Value: <<'border-top-left-radius'>>
  Initial: Same as 'border-top-left-radius'
  Applies to: Same as 'border-top-left-radius'
  Inherited: no
  Logical property group: border-radius
  Percentages: Same as 'border-top-left-radius'
  Computed value: Same as corresponding physical 'border-*-radius' properties
  Animation type: by computed value type
  </pre>

  <wpt>
    logical-box-border-radius.html
  </wpt>

  These properties correspond to the
  'border-top-left-radius', 'border-bottom-left-radius', 'border-top-right-radius', and 'border-bottom-right-radius' properties.
  The mapping depends on the element's 'writing-mode', 'direction', and 'text-orientation',
  with the first start/end giving the block axis side,
  and the second the inline-axis side
  (i.e. patterned as 'border-<var>block</var>-<var>inline</var>-radius').

<h3 id="logical-shorthand-keyword">
Four-Directional Shorthand Properties: the 'margin', 'padding', 'border-width', 'border-style', and 'border-color' shorthands</h3>

  The shorthand properties for margin, padding, and border
  set values for physical properties by default.
  But authors can specify
  the <dfn value for="margin, padding, border-color, border-style, border-width">logical</dfn> keyword
  at the beginning of the property value
  to indicate that the values map to the flow-relative properties instead of the physical ones.

  <p class="issue">
    The proposed syntax for this feature is <a href="https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/issues/1282">under discussion</a>
    and is almost guaranteed to change from what is described here.
    This section remains in the draft to promote discussion of alternatives,
    to document the affected properties,
    and to specify the expected impact on the interpretation
    of whatever syntactic switch is ultimately chosen.

  The following [[!CSS2]] shorthand properties
  accept the ''margin/logical'' keyword:
  <ul>
    <li>'inset'
    <li>'margin'
    <li>'padding'
    <li>'border-width'
    <li>'border-style'
    <li>'border-color'
    <li>'scroll-padding'
    <li>'scroll-margin'
  </ul>

  The syntax for these properties is effectively changed by replacing
    <pre class="prod">&lt;<var>value-type</var>&gt;{1,4}</pre>

  with
    <pre class="prod">logical? &lt;<var>value-type</var>&gt;{1,4}</pre>

  When the ''margin/logical'' keyword is present in the value,
  the values that follow are assigned to its flow-relative longhands
  as follows:

  <ul>
    <li>If only one value is set, the value applies to all four flow-relative <a>longhands</a>.
    <li>If two values are set, the first is for block-start and block-end,
      the second is for inline-start and inline-end.
    <li>If three values are set, the first is for block-start,
      the second is for inline-start and inline-end,
      and the third is for block-end.
    <li>If four values are set, they apply to
      the block-start, inline-start, block-end, and inline-end sides
      in that order.
  </ul>

  <div class="example">
    In the following example, the two rules are equivalent:

    <pre class="lang-css">
      blockquote {
        margin: logical 1em 2em 3em 4em;
      }
      blockquote {
        margin-block-start:  1em;
        margin-inline-start: 2em;
        margin-block-end:    3em;
        margin-inline-end:   4em;
      }
    </pre>
  </div>

<h2 id="acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</h2>

  Cameron McCormack,
  David Baron,
  Oriol Brufau,
  Shinyu Murakami,
  Tab Atkins

<h2 id="changes">
Changes</h2>

  Changes since the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/WD-css-logical-1-20180827/">27 August 2018 Working Draft</a> include:
  <ul>
    <li>Defined inheritance of flow-relative properties.
    <li>Moved flow-relative values of 'resize' to [[CSS-UI-4]].
    <li>Editorially rewrote large parts of the specification for clarity.
    <li>Added 'text-orientation' to list of mapping dependencies.
    <li>Clarified that 'border-inline' and 'border-block' set both affected sides to the same value.
    <li>Clarified the mapping for border-radius.
    <li>Referred to physical margin, border, and padding properties in the elements they apply to, so ruby base containers and ruby annotation containers are excluded.
    <li>Made margin and padding properties refer to '*-top' properties for consistency.
    <li>Defined the term [=inset properties=].
    <li>Miscellaneous minor clarifications.
    <li>Added Web Platform Tests coverage.
  </ul>

  Changes between the earlier Editors Drafts and the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-css-logical-1-20170518/">18 May 2017 First Public Working Draft</a> include:
  <ul>
    <li>Making all properties cascade using the <a>writing mode</a> specified on the element, not on its parent.
    <li>Making the ordering of longhands within 'margin'-like shorthands put inline-start before inline-end.
    <li>Adding the '*-inline' and '*-block' shorthand forms for margins/borders/padding.
    <li>Renaming the <css>offset-*</css> properties to 'inset-*' and marking an issue for discussion.
    <li>Adding an Introduction section.
    <li>Updating to current terminology of CSS Writing Modes.
    <li>Miscellaneous prose cleanup.
  </ul>

<h2 class=no-num id=privacy>Privacy Considerations</h2>

  No new privacy considerations have been reported on this specification.

<h2 class=no-num id=security>Security Considerations</h2>
  
  No new security considerations have been reported on this specification.

<wpt title="Features from other specs">
  logical-values-resize.html
</wpt>